Introduction to the aspects of marketing

world to the aspects of marketingA lot people think that marketing as sell or advertising. Yes, but selling and advertising just a part of marketing. Marketing involves even more. The aim of business is acquisition and watch nodes. (Lance Fried, 2005 year)We need some skills to acquires and hold our business customers. Marketing is the process of intend and executing the innovationion, pricing, promotion, and distribution of goods and service to facilitate put backs that satisfy individual and organisational objectives. What marketers do at any particular time depends on what of necessity to be done to fill customers of necessity. Consumers wants and needs unceasing change. (Lance Fried, 2005 year)As honour above, selling and advertising is a small part of marketing, but this does non means that the above activities ar not important. They were a part of giant marketing mix, the four Ps of marketing. The four Ps are increase, price, conduct and promotion. (Chapter 1, pag e 1)Philip Kotler set aparts marketing as satisfying needs and wants through an exchange process. Within this exchange transaction, customers bequeath only exchange they value if they expression that their needs and wants are being fully contented, obviously the greater reach provided the superiorer transactional value an organization scum bag charge. (Philip Kotler, 1996 year)The correct systematic planning, implementing and statement of a mix of business activities intended to bring together consumers and sellers for the reciprocally advantages exchange or transfer of outputs. (Chapter 1, page 1)5 philosophies of Marketing incompatible business and company use different ways to set up their bear business to achieve their organization goals. There are tail fin alternative conceit used by which firms and business organization to steer in their marketing effort.The five different concepts differentiately is the merchandise concept, second is the product concept second an d after that is the selling concept. These first triplet concepts is focus on the products, and the last two concepts that focus on customer is the marketing concept and the societal marketing concept.The product concept holds that customers will favor products that are available and highly affordable and that management should and then focus on or improving production and distribution efficiency. This concept works well when the demand of product is more than supply or product exist is required to be reduced by quest the practice of mass production.This concept is useful to solve the problems like when the products woo is too high and improved productivity is needed to bring it down. undermentioned situation is when the demand for the product of a company excesses the supply. It can not last huge because the concept already ignores other important factors, such(prenominal) as competition, untested products and etc.One of the best suits of the production concept is Henry Fo rds Model T. Henry Ford is the father of the production furrow and developing an efficient assembly line, Ford was able to bring the cost of the Model T down from around $800 to just under $300, put affordable shippingation into the hands of average consumers in the United States. The biggest cabalistic to Fords assembly line is that he built one car name as the Model T. There were very few variations on the elemental structure and functionality of this political machine. So Henry Ford was very successful with the production concept for a period of time.Next, the product concept states is consumer will sully the product that pop the question the best in quality, design features and durability. The firm should collapse its energy to make continuous product improvements, so its need to have intercourse well and have the great knowledge and skill in making the product.Some manufacturers mistakenly believe that if they use the best materials to manufacturing a product to attr act the consumers and the customers will only bribe their company product. This concept to a fault can lead to marketing myopia to see the challenges being presented by other competitions.Next, example of the product concept is Jackson who purchased the air book it means he needs a transportation to send him to the vacation destination. Airline companies who are myopic would regard other air hoses as it competitors and must concentrate on upgrading their service or flight facilities. Besides airlines, they too need regard land transport company and water transport company as their competitors. Is because that passenger not just purchasing an airline ticket to get someplace by air, he is purchasing transport.The selling concept,Define of 5 philosophies of MarketingThe selling concept consumers will buy products only if the company promotes or sells the product.The marketing concept Focuses on needs and wants of the scratch markets and delivering satisfaction better than competi tor.The societal marketing concept focuses on needs and wants of target markets and delivering superior value. Societys well-being.The example of 5 philosophies of MarketingThird, the selling concept, the Ford Motor Company is also a good example of the selling philosophy and why this philosophy does not work in many instances. Ford produced and sold the Model T for many years. During its production, the automobile market attracted more competition. They not only did the competition begin to offer cars in other colors, the styling of the competition was viewed as modern and the Model T became considered as old-fashioned. Henry Ford had to recognize consumer desires and introduce a new model.The marketing concept, the examples of this concept is Head and Shoulders shampoo, it is an anti-dandruff shampoo. This shampoo is the first came in a standard packing and formula. With the passage of time, the shampoo company realized near the needs of the product customers and started to modif y their product and manufactured different manakin in their shampoo line to attract more consumers.Lastly, the example of the societal marketing concept is a cosmetic company name as Body Shop, it found by Anita Roddick. It is one of the companies that uses only vegetables based materials for its own products. It is also against Animal testing and supports community trade, activate Self Esteem, counterbalance Human Rights, and overall protection of the planet.The major marketing management decisions can be classified in one of the following four categories, they areProductPricePlacePromotionI have mentioned it when I doing Introduction, and these variables people normally know as the marketing mix or the four Ps of marketing. There are the variables that can control or change in order to best satisfy customers in the target market.Product, it is mean the physical features of the product, or the intangible aspects of the service offered to the consumer. Product decisions take aspe cts such as functions, brand name, quality, safety and etc.Price, sellers need to define the price of the product that they want to sell, are they going to sell at a high price and make a lot of net income in the short term or sell the product with a low price to beat the competition and stay in the long term. Price is the important part on this marketing management. Even if the product quality is the best of the competition but the company set with the high price, consumers can not afford it also is a problem.

The Treaty of Versailles Questions and Answers

The treaty of Versailles Questions and AnswersCore Assessment 21. What did Wilson hope to get through with(predicate) from the Peace Settlement of 1919-1920? (4)Woodrow Wilson was an idealist and hoped to achieve the 14 points at the pacification settlement of 1919-1920. One point that he wanted to achieve was self-g all overnment for all nations but specifically for smaller Eastern states. An opposite function in which he wanted was to set up the league of nations and, among separate things wanted Alsace-Lorraine returned to France and freedom of the seas. He as well wanted to stop either more secret alloties from cosmos made, and disarmament across all countries. A big thing that Wilson wanted was non to treat Germany too raspingly as he did non want any future contends.2. wherefore did Clemenceau and Lloyd George disagree over how to treat Germany? (6)One reason wherefore Lloyd George and Clemenceau disagreed over how to treat Germany was beca do of how their count ries had been affected scotchally. Lloyd George did not want to treat Germany too harshly as he wanted to resume trade with Germany as in brief as possible mainly because Germany had been its 2nd largest trading partner. Lloyd George wanted to use the money that Britain made from trading with Germany to fund the growth of the British Empire. He to a fault wanted to keep Germany politically stable so that ultra groups would not form in Germany, take control and start another(prenominal) fightfare. No one wanted any further conflict as the war was so devastating. However, Clemenceau wanted to punish Germany actually harshly through forcing them to pay reparations to France in money and if they dont set out that then they would take state of matter from Germany. The reason for Clemenceau wanting such a strong punishment was because France had suffered very high civilian casualties which were outlying(prenominal) higher than what the UK had suffered. This was because nigh of t he war had been fought on Frances land and this had made France loathe Germany and want revenge on it, this had also greatly lowered the morale of the French spate. Also, France had suffered especially large economic and industrial problems and so it wanted to use the reparations provided by Germany to resolve these problems and break the morale of the French people.Another reason why Lloyd George and Clemenceau disagreed over how to treat Germany was because France saw Germany as a hostile and powerful threat to their country. This was because most of homo War 1 had been fought on French soil and in 1871 in the Franco-Prussian war Germany took Alsace-Lorraine away from France. France had 1.7 million casualties by the end of World War 1 which was 2/3 of all the men that had fought for it in the war, this meant that the public of France wanted Germany to pay as they had all helpless mortal special and they held Germany responsible for this. Clemenceau wanted to weaken Germany s o that it no perennial posed a threat to France. On the other hand, Britain had sustained far less physical damage and so it was not seeking to cripple Germany for revenge. Lloyd George still wanted to read Germany pay but he did not want to be too harsh on it. This may have been because France shared a border with Germany whereas Britain was only connected to Germany via the sea and so the threat was much greater and nearer to home for France than it was in Britain. Therefore, this was why Clemenceau and Lloyd George disagreed over how to treat Germany.3. The agreement of Versailles was a dependable settlement. How far do you agree? (10)Some people think that the Treaty of Versailles was a white settlement and there is evidence to support both sides.Many of these people think that the Treaty of Versailles was a fair settlement because Germany was blamed for head start the war. This meant that as they were responsible for causing the destruction of land, buildings, economies a nd peoples lives, they should have to be the ones who nonrecreational compensation to the allied countries in the form of reparations. The Treaty of Versailles also create a demilitarised zone in the Rhineland and Alsace Loraine was given to France. To many people, this was seen to be fair as it prevented Germany from being aggressive towards France again like it had been in the erstwhile(prenominal) such as in 1871 in the Franco-Prussian war when Germany took Alsace-Lorraine away from France. The Rhineland is the German part of land between itself and France and so by not being allowed to have any military in this area it provided France with rough reassurance that Germany would no longer pose a threat. The restrictions in Germanys army, dark blue and air twitch was also seen by many to be fair as it trim back the threat of war and made other countries such as Britain get slightly safer as Germany was limited to only 6 battleships which would mean that Germany would not hav e the strength to attack Britain through the seas. Finally, lots of people deliberate that the Treaty of Versailles was a fair settlement as when Russia decided to wrench out of the war, Germany punished it very harshly through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and so it was only fair that Germany have the same level of punishment. All of these reasons make many people believe that the Treaty of Versailles was a fair settlement.However, other people may not think that the Treaty of Versailles was a fair settlement because of Article 231, which placed all of the blame for starting the war onto Germany. They argue that the war had actually started because of the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand leading to Austria-Hungary going to war with Russia and that Germany was only defending her ally Austria-Hungary. These people also think that the reparations in which Germany was made to pay were very below the belt. This is because if it were not for the young plan of 1929, Germany would not have finished paying off its reparations until 1984. This was 66 years later on World War 1 had ended Other people also feel that the limitations on Germanys army, navy and air force were very unsportsmanlike as they had been Germanys pride and joy and by losing this she felt weak, humiliated and dangerous to other countries surrounding her which had not been forced to limit its army. By having its navy limited to only 6 battleships, Germany felt that this left its waters un-defendable curiously to Britain which had the largest navy in the world which was mainly due to the fact that it is an island. Furthermore, some people feel that stripping Germany of its raw materials and industry was very unfair because of the long term effects in which it would have on its economy. The Treaty of Versailles made Germany lose 12.5% of its population which meant that it lost a lot of its workers and it lost the Saar coalfields to France. This had provided Germany with 16% of its coal and so i t was no wonder that some people, particularly Germany, felt that the Treaty of Versailles was a very unfair settlement.In conclusion, it could be argued that the Treaty of Versailles was a fair or unfair settlement, however, the above arguments pop the question that the Treaty of Versailles was overall unfair towards Germany. This is proven by history as the young plan had to be formed in 1929 due to Germany not being able to otherwise pay off the reparations demanded by the assort until 1984 and the fact that in 1945 there was a second world war and so it is hardly surprising that many people believe that the Treaty of Versailles was an unfair settlement.

The Different Between Favouritism Cronyism And Nepotism Philosophy Essay

The Different Between favoritism Cronyism And Nepotism Philosophy EssayThe solvent of nepotism has been opinion base rather than facts and incidents in that respectfore views on the subject drink down place from goernment agency to position. Nepotism at knead refers to favouring comparatives in employment or sparing footing as opposed to them being judged on ability and/or merit in a specific organisation.This could includea rig ein truthwhere whateverbody else who may be often suitable for the position, whereby you would be paying a sexual intercourse more than m championy than somebody doing the comparable argument or granting them particular(a) favours.However, nepotism cigargont be viewed in barriers of people giving somebody a boost up to drop out them to sterilize into an organisation that depart be treated in the aforementioned(prenominal) manner as e actu onlyybody else.Although nepotism is in the sense of the forge, refers to relatives, it can withal mean to anyow companions to be incorporated into an organisation or to be granted simply favour in general.Smaller, family owned businesses atomic number 18 the organisations this more common occurs and that is perfectly understandable.In a small business in segmenticular, limited options exist for carg peerlessr asc finishingment.When employees see that the owners daughter or tidings has been promoted to a handlerial post, the idea of favouritism and special treatment is insurmountable to overcome especially if the new road elbow roomenger vehicle shows signs of been less qualified than the early(a) applicants that utilize.The existence of a nepotism insurance polity en sealeds that all employees are treated cope withly and that the owner of the organisation can non influence the hiring, promotion or discipline of a close relative.The policy allows for reduction of favouritism by enquiring all employees to come apart relevant conflicts, such(prenomina l)(prenominal) as a close somebodyal or business relationship with all current employees, and more importantly it prune the employees involvement with employment closings relating to their relative.Family owned businesses provoke constantly had a impost of the reins being keep back ited down from generation to generation and their succession totally relies a lot on the emotional ties which bonds a family to wee-weeher.That being said, if the comp any bareively employs staff outside of the family as easily, its important for the companies well-being to maintain a strict becomeing relationship where the family segment(s) is treated no more than equal to all of the rest of the staff who may h doddery a analogous position to them in order that the employment remains peaceful and on that point are no accusations of special treatment.In most instances, you depart a good deal find that family members puddle to work ten times harder than the average outsiders to assay t hemselves worthy of holding specific positions and to avoid such assumptions from arising.1.2.1. The different amidst favouritism, cronyism, and nepotism?As favouritism is the broadest of these three terms, well start with its definition. favoritism is nevertheless what it sounds like its favouring a soulfulness non because he/she is doing the best line of credit exclusively rather because of some kind of in- somebody relationship all with the theater director or the owner of the friendship that you would be use in.Favouritism is presently represented in three different ways hiring, honouring, or awarding contracts. The most common efforts are giving public function occupancys to those who may fuddle helped you during an election for a person in designer.Favouritism has always been a major problem in government operate over the days. In 2010, a survey was make and it was prime that lonesome(prenominal) 46% of government workers thought that promotions received in their department were based on merit.They believed that it is who you are connected to or rather who u bang and more importantly the partnerships you made while been in the government departments, and early(a) factors played a major fictional character.The instant term is cronyism which is a more specific form of favouritism that refers partial towards chums and partial towards associates. As the old saying goes, Its non what you bang but who you go, or, rather Its not what you dont bash its who your college roommate knows.Cronyism occurs within a network of insiders who brook favours to one some other receivable to association.The last phrase is nepotism which is an even narrower form of favouritism.It originated from the Italian word which means nephew, it covers favouritism to members of the family. Both nepotism and cronyism often occur at offices where semipolitical parties recruit candidates for public officials.1.2.2. The Most Common Reasons for Nepotism in t he Workplace agree to the service industries in government departments are subjected to nepotism at various work trains.The economic and political structures are disposed(p) as the common reasons for such favouritism in such departments.What happens in bigger firms and organizations?Employees are change by nepotism in one way or other in bigger organizations as well.This cronyism allows twain short term and long term negativities amongst employees and in fold impact the organizational growth as well as the make outance takes of that specific organisation.Let us bring a closer look about how nepotism spoils employee morale and workplace culture.Here are casings of different case studies and finalesInternational national Studies Nepotism baptistery Study 1FACTSAn employee was take upd in May 2010 to work as an assistant gross sales manager for a waste management company that also supplied takeout toilets and provided septic tank services. The employees job required hi m to develop and implement businesses amongst alert and new clients. He could earn a bonus based on his sales stimulant on a monthly basis.In February 2012, the employee became romantically involved with senior office manager. They moved in together a month posterior. Although their relationship was commonly known in the office, at no time did the employer advice either parties that their employment major power be in danger as a result of their relationship.In October, the initiatory employee was fired repayable to his case law relationship with the senior office manager. The employer concluded that because office manager was one of two financial control officers as well and was unavowed to private financial information, that placed her in a conflict of provoke with the employee as one of her duties was to in cast data regarding all sales which were coupled to employee bonuses. The employer was of the view that the common law relationship among the employee and the mana ger was not an acceptable business practice and created an unacceptable business and financial endangerment to the organisation.The employee immediately filed a complaint of discrimination on the basis of married status.The control board of Inquiry resolved that there was definitely acase of discrimination that was made out becauseAlthough active in a common-law relationship for only a short period of time, the employees in marvel were living together and this was regarded as the marital status in the homophile Rights ActThe employee was treated differently than other employees and terminated as a result of his relationship with the office manager and, as a result, was discriminated once morest on the basis of marital statusTo determine if this form of discrimination was barelyified, the Board of Inquiry determined that the employer was unable(p) to meet the standard extremitys becauseThe employers standard policy requirements stated that the office manager could not enter i nto a living relationship with an employee referable to the confidential nature of her position. This standard did not requisite connect to the performance of the employees jobsThere was no bad faith on the part of the employer in implementing its standardThe standard was not reasonable and could come across the work-related purpose because the employer overlooked relatively simple checks and balances that could buzz off been put in place to protect the business. For example, the employers usual Manager could fetch been asked to review the input of data relating to bonuses that the employee might have been entitled to.The Board ordered the employer to equilibrate the employee an subsequently amount in general damages, also to write the employee a letter of apology and to participate in a well infallible training course with the Human Rights Commission on the duty to accommodate.The employer appealed the decision to the woo as soon as the verdict was concluded.OUTCOMEThe Cou rt also found that the Board ruled correctly that the employee and office manager were living in a common-law relationship and protected from discrimination on the basis of marital statusThe Court disagreed with the Boards analysis of the first step, ruling that the workplace standard at issues was to limit access to confidential information and to avoid creating a situation where the office manager could mayhap be placed in a position of conflict between the interests of their employer and the interests of the employee, who they were in a relationship with. The purpose of the policy was mainly to rate it as being unacceptable business and financial risks. The policy was found to be rationally connected to the performance of the office managers job as their work involved inputting information that formed part of the basis on which the employees bonus was calculatedThe Court agreed with the Boards overall conclusion that the employer could have accommodated the marital relationship here without incurring undue hardship. As the General Manager already reviewed the office managers work, he could simply have reviewed any data that would have affected the employees bonuses.The Court upheld the damages award and the requirement of an apology letter but found that ordering the so need training course was inappropriate.WHAT TO relevant FROM THEse CASESThe creation of an anti-nepotism policy should be considered by employers before they are implemented and riposten their application w disadvantageously always consecrate advance tocases of discrimination.The fact that two employees are related on any level lead not be enough to relieve an application of an anti-nepotism policy. The family member or marital relationship in query must be relevant to the ability of one of the related individuals to perform his or her job duties.Anti-nepotism policies should be designed to limit the impact on the affected family member. A policy that only takes into consideration th e employers interests will not stand up to scrutiny.Employers must be prepared to show that when they applied the policy, they gave considered the circumstances of the affected employee and they accommodated the employee to the point of undue hardship. Rigid application of an anti-nepotism policy will cause an otherwise justified policy to fail.Ive been in this situation to some times to mention and in prior cases as well, which didnt turn out well. And more recently, I dont know what the outcome is just yet.Case Study 2 Very early in my life history, a mavin of mine was smell to get into the same industry I was currently employed in.I had been employed for a couple years and due to a lot of hard work and some down compensate luck, I had become what I would consider a master mind and gained a better job title after some time.I was restrict to sharing all my details of the company and had not yet got many contacts in other landing fields except for the one I was employed in.A f riend asked if I could forward their plan vitae to the organisation which I was employed in to see if they could get their foot in the door.I knew the friend charming well and thought theyd make a good sum to the organisation and figured what did I have to lose?Inside my head, it was another story, there were also some other thoughts going on in the background that I should have paid attention to.On the corroboratory side, I had thoughts like he is a great person, he would be cool to work with, Id love to see him working here, and he would do it for me in a heartbeat?On the negative side, I was retrieveing, am I devising the biggest mistake hiring him?Since I had no contacts in the area that I was employed in, I had to approach an old college contact that I hadnt kept in touch with and ask who the decision-makers of my firm were, I thence made contact with a hiring manager, introduce myself and basically sold my friend curriculum vitae and line up an hearing.I highlighted all positive interactions Id had achieved and some demonstrated leadership examples and past work experience that I was familiar with that seemed valid at the time.I dont know if my call had anything to do with it, but I understood that my friend got a call back for an interview later in that week.Well, a a few(prenominal) weeks later, I asked how the interview went when we maxim my friend and I was horrified to hear that my friend missed the interview.They claimed something happened with their schedule or cell phone or something and completely missed the interview.I felt like I had totally wasted the one fortune I likely had at helping soul out with that assembly and now I looked like a fool for recommending someone so unprofessional.Straight after this event, my friend got an disco biscuit from another company.So, I started to question if this was unfeignedly an honest mistake or they just blew off my company once they got other job proposals, but either way, it left me reg retting my decision to help them out in the first place.I had spent bulky time, effort, and professional capital in trying to make something happen and it was all in vein.Case Study 3 A year or two later, I was approached by another friends relative who was looking to get into my field actually.They had obtained an engineering degree and wanted to get into a high paying industry and seemed intelligent, mature and precise responsible.I didnt know them very well, but because they were a relative of a good friend of mine and they genuinely seemed like a good candidate, I figured I would at least pass their curriculum vitae on.We had hung out a few times and I knew them at least well enough to pass on the curriculum vitae to the right people.This time though, due to the fact that I was burnt before, I decided to just pass on the curriculum vitae to the right person, but made no further attempts to ensure the person an interview.I researched a bit into their interests, ability to relo cate, etc. and then put the curriculum vitae into the hands of some of the hiring managers.I was actually a part of the hiring process at the time, but didnt think it would be ethnical to hire that individual myself, nor did they seem like a perfect fit for my fussy area that the position was available for.Strictly on merit the person made it into the next stage and without my knowledge attached my name as a reference. When questioned I was honest and explained we didnt have any personalized relationship.I had just replied that I met them a couple times and they seemed qualified, but given professionalism and personal history with them, I couldnt really make an endorsement one way or other.Well, when the friends relative called one day to check in, they pretty much alluded to the fact that the only reason they wanted to get in was so my company would pay for their further education, which is somewhat common in my field, but was not offered in their current role.They were basically looking for me to drive for them to take advantage of my company.Again, while I had played a very minor role in just passing an curriculum vitae on, I felt responsible for another bad situation involving nepotism or whatever you want to call it.I didnt play a major role and was curious how it panned out.Through whatever means during the interview process, I put on one of the interviewers picked up on the agenda and they opted to not extend an offer to this specific person.If they had extended an offer, what would I have been required to do, ignore the situation? Or intervene? I continued to question myself how and why I also got involved in these situations and was relieved when it ironed itself out with no fault of mine.After these two specific cases, Id pretty much had it with the hook me up thing.While hearing similar story from other friends of mine, I can only imagine that the outcome is always a negative one.For the one case that works out well, where 5 years later, someo ne looks back and says, Hey, that college buddy of mine is doing a great job and loves it here after I helped him land an interview, there are probably many more cases where someone got burned.Situation This brings me to the most current situation.We have an acquaintance that was recently laid off and just now started looking for work again.The other day, they approached me and asked if Id forward their curriculum vitae around and speak with the hiring managers tangible on the international job board.On one hand, again, with someone with a young child out of work, nice person, responsible, etchow you can just say, No, Im not helping?I but know them on a personal level and had been burned so many times before.So, Ive agreed to pass along the curriculum vitae to someone I actually do know in the particular field whom I asked to review and forward along if they felt appropriate and I also checked around on another upcoming job posting that will go external and I passed that along as well. plainly I decided not to contact any hiring managers, as I dont know them, and I barely know the person as well.If things pan out their way, great it will be by natural means through the established system, and if not, I was at least honest in my reply that I had passed it along to some individuals I did know who may be looking for someone with similar qualifications which I did.But due to my past experiences and my conflicted noteings over the ethical aspect, Im not going the extra mile in trying to give them a significant advantage over other candidates coming in with no such advantages.Here are some positive outcomes of nepotism I think there are some clear pros and cons to having current employees recommending or hiring people they know for jobs.On the positive side, you already know the person on a personal level and that could be an advantage.You would like to think this person wont make you look bad and would appreciate the fortune that you have been awarded them. peradventure oneday, they will help you out in a similar situation? Lets think about the networker themselves isnt a go-getter a sign of someone with initiative someone whos going to sell your product, advance your agenda, and more importantly get results? Well, maybe, but thats the going viewpoint.Here are some negative outcomes of nepotism Is it right? Is it ethical? If you have two candidates one is rather outgoing, has tons of friends and family and has all the people voting for them for a special role do they deserve a boost up on this next guy? nominee 2 is rather quiet and doesnt really go out of his way to play the popularity card along people.They just work hard and get their hands dirty and maintain by doing the right thing, they will be granted the right career opportunities which their solely deserve.All other things being equal, in the real world, the truth is Candidate 1 is more likely going to get the job.But is that right? Some organisations actually have policie s against nepotism and there are nepotism law cases, but the reality that it is quite pervasive in society today, almost expected.Perhaps you have your job because of nepotism. Perhaps you were passed over for a job because you didnt know the right people.Perhaps you dont even know it.DisclosureI come my first job in industry by chance I was qualified and made a good impression and didnt know a single person that worked at my company.I found flyer publicize for an organisation in one of my campus halls senior year and checked it out and it eventually led to a job.In hindsight, that was sheer luck that I happened to come across that specific flier which I needed a job the most.If I hadnt landed a job post-graduation, would I have required someone I knew to hook me up? I dont know, probably. Wouldnt you?Case Study 4 -Some years ago I was working with a pleasant, remarkable, young man who had just joined the newspaper from a local anaesthetic rag.He was inexperienced and finding it hard to adjust to the relentless deadlines, but we were happy to help out and answer his questions all day.Three months later, we were assured that he had been made our political boss. It didnt make any sense at the time. He was still not able to handle the everyday pressure and was the least on the desk, but he had the job.I found out later that he was related to the editor, which goes a long way to explaining his effortless rise to the top. This was a simple lesson in life. It had nothing to do with my performance or merit and everything to do with the fact that they were relatedI simply could not compete on such a level. Ten years later, he has made it and prospered, and had definitely proven his worth.The media industry is common known for such nepotism. Most times parents try to secure internships and even teen columns for their school-age child offspring, while husband and wives seek the best joint ventures they can find.The same incidents can be seen in different circles, organisations, and political lives.On the other hand, I have been coaxing a board of members that is divided over the appointment of a new director who worked with the CEO before his appointment. until now though he is clearly the most talented and experienced member of the board, no one believes he got his job on merit.So is nepotism a good or a bad thing? I take a serious view, believing that we are hard-wired to look after our family and friends.He believes that nepotism has produced both positive and negative results in everything from ancient Chinese clans to conversion papal lineages and American families like the Gores, Kennedys, and Bushes. Practised badly, nepotism is embarrassing to everyone, including the individual, but done well it can benefit society as a whole.In business, no one seems sure how to talk about nepotism or discourse it openly as it is a very sensitive subject.But what do you do if you find yourself managing the bosss son? Do you treat them in the same way as everyone else and risk alienating them or annoying your boss? Or do you handle them with kid gloves just in case?Nepotism conflicts fundamentally with basic American values and merit that some companies have instituted formal anti-nepotism policies.But even in organisations that claim not to turn out nepotism, there are often clear, if not many examples of nepotism.Take capital of Minnesota Wolfowitz, whose attempts to secure a pay and promotional deal for his partner, Shaha Reza, meant he wooly his job at the World Bank.Its interesting to see the cultural prepossess at work here, too. Nepotism is considered a good thing in Asiatic and African companies, which are more likely based on family network.In the companies in certain Cities they have traditionally recruited from families within Britains social elite.On a recent BBC radio programme on nepotism, Dr Gillian Evans of Manchester University explained that social and family networks provide a critical safety net for up per middle classes and children who might have failed their exams or fluffed their first job.A well-placed contact could smooth over their failure, find them a job, and restore them to their rightful place in society.This can be very frustrating for those of us who dont have the luxury of a security net, who have to struggle through with grit and hard work.But is there anything we can do besides becoming consumed with envy? Is there anything we could learn for this? I suppose the most positive thing is to start developing a personal network that would work for you. There are three main things to remember.First and more importantly, network yourself to those in power all the time tell them who you are and what you can do so that if the big job comes up, your name will be on their lips all the time.Secondly, build a strong companionship with all the influential contacts that you acquired, making sure they like you and care for you on a personal level.Finally, make sure that, if you get the job, you have the skills to make a success of it.You will have far less margin for error than the bosss son.How do you nip about nepotism at work? Have you experienced it in a positive or negative way? Or are you experiencing hindrance because you were the one who got a job through someone you knew?Nepotism and the affects it has on Employee esprit de corps?Why do people favour having their relatives or friends at their workplace?What do they want to achieve, apart from allowing their relatives or friends to work with them?According to an HR consulting firm, employing relatives or friends saves costs on recruiting and training.It is also believed to help reduce employee disorder since the relatives are exceedingly committed to organization growing.However, most of the time, having a relative in the organization spoils themorale of employees.What are all the reasons?Read on.When you give a relative a important position or promotion, u naturally bypass an employee with s trong merits, and this spoils employee morale as a whole.Employees notice used and overlooked merely because they not specifically related to you and and so they start looking for other opportunities to join another organisation in the beginning than they intended to.Employees affected by favouritism see no career opportunities in the organization and in turn lose interest in the companys growth.The level of been committed is lowed and the loyalty and more importantly the sense of self-control are bring low since the employees doesnt feel like they are achieving any personal growth.The employees who supervisors the relatives of the employer find it difficult to handle them and take corrective action if necessary. This greatly affects team morale which can lead to a high level of employee attrition.How would you feel if your spouse faced you during an important official meeting?Well, organizations have different opinions on a husband and wife working together.In order to avoid c onflicts or workplace stress, some organizations have created policies against both spouses working together for them.A few companies, namely the IT organizations that work with an onshore-offshore model, prefer having both the husband and wife working for them.This allows the organisation send them together to onsite projects.It helps the employers to retain their services on long-term onsite project.Nepotism can cause ill feelings on inequality that employees may react to in one way or another.The first problem you could face is to undermine the favoured workers capabilities and attempt to soften her projects.These efforts could result in getting her fired, however, it could result in costly mistakes and leaving of time which can then potentially impact customers relations in organisations.The second reaction is an attitude of defeat.If employees assume that promotions and perks will always go to friends of the boss, they will likely less incline to do their best work to show th eir potential. Resentment and indifferences can lead to the reduction of productivity as well as employee turnover if workers decide that nothing will ever get better.Nepotism Effects On The Organizational Culture?Some employers feel that the level of loyalty, morale, organized religion and commitment of friends or relatives they hire is higher compared to others in the workplace.ControlUnfortunately, not all family members and relatives come with the right merit to be employed for a particular position or a role.When the manager is not allowed to control an employee just because she is a relative of an employer, imagine what will happen to the companys discipline.Nepotism allows rules to be broken and can lead to a agitated situation for business owners.EthicsWhen relatives are involved, the companys ethics can get spoiled and even go into ruins.Let us take an example of one of the India-based IT giant.Despite the raise by the board members, its founder went leading and acquired infrastructure companies owned by his sons.This led the company to lose its ploughshare by more than half and the investors to experience a greater loss. non only was the workplace culture affected, but employee morale was also highly affected.The attrition recorded was very high.Allowing nepotism at any level creates excess damage to the organizations culture.Nepotism at the higher management or leadership level will greatly spoil the company image and growth.When you start losing the trust of your employees.The biggest problem which you as an employer will be facing with hiring people from your family is the surmisal of your employees losing trust in you.Nepotism becomes a major problem when your employees feel that the relative who was employed isnt qualified for the job, or that someone better was rejected due to the fact that they were not related to the owner of the organisation.If it comes to this than it will be very hard for you to try and earn back the trust of your emp loyees.And if you are unable to get your employees to trust you than for me the only solution is to start over again because without trust any business is doomed.The problem with hiring unfit people for the job.The second most specific problem with nepotism in the workplace is that you may end up with people that dont have any qualification to suit the job specifications.Dont let your feelings get in the way when it comes to business transactions.Dont hire someone just because you believe he or she is a part of your family. all business is just about simple math.You need to make sure that the people you hire bring value to your team and they produce a good quality product which you can make a arrive at of.So feelings have nothing to do with it. If the person you hired is not bringing extra value fire him or her without any regrets.How to lower employee morale.Nepotism in the workplace will hurt you in the first few weeks no matter how qualified the person you hired is.It is inevita ble for employee morale to drop when you hire someone from your family.The employee will immediately make the connection that you are preparing the person you hired for the job you currently ho

Theories of social disorder in contemporary UK society

Theories of friendly dis nine in contemporaneous UK fellowship canvass and contrast any two theories of affable dis lay out in contemporary UK corporationIn UKs company, like in legion(predicate) other advance(a) societys Life is ordinationed in a authentic bureau, They live in what is called a democratic society where everyone in theory has a vocalisation and is heard and everyone gets to facilitate pick who is in situation or earlier they get the freedom of making a choice. Those that be placed in power by the majority of the society in theory help maintain the brotherly balance and laws that willing govern that society in a sure way. This type of society is arranged in a certain narrate and those that live in this society ar disposed to spirit having an order and an acceptable set of rules in which they live within. This is complaisant order an accepted Group belief on the slipway of life in the society. The people who live in these societys are accustomed to its order and anything or anyone that disrupts their order are seen as a threat to their beliefs and on their ways of life these people are a seen as a disruptive or called and disruptive element and are said to grow disorder. This demeanor can be categorized as antisocial or Social Disorder. and who gets to decide on what is actually classed as order and what is classed as disorder?To be able to provide an answer to the head teacher about theories of disorder in contemporary UK ordination. An understanding of social order and where it comes from ask to be understood. Then pure toneing at wherefore social disorder is, and how it affects society on a whole.By doing so a better idea of UK societies is gained and why order is so important and why disorder can become such an add to society. Looking initiative at Social order and how people get accustomed to order. mass get employ to their society endureing in a certain way it becomes a natural accepted way of life to the m. But who decides on this way of life and what the order should be. An attempt can be make to try to show this by comparing and contrasting the working of two social scientists Erving Goffman and Michel Foucault (Silva pp.316).According to Geoffmans holy person people come unneurotic in many ways. Society is not a separate entity with needs of its own but rather instead, society is a construction of many somebody parts these parts made up of actions and interactions of many parts. Society is like a vast mesh of individual parts and that social order is caused by action put tog divinyl ether by its individual parts. These are not repeated the same every time, as actions are made remade, worked and reworked all the time. This can simply best be summed up in saying. Interactional order creates social order (Silva pp 317).In coincidence when the work of the social scientist Michel Foucault is looked at, He examined how the social order is organized and shaped. Foucault claimed soc iety is made and remade through, power of discourses and authoritative kat onceledge. His nonsuch was that the dominant ways of thinking, Came from ether an authoritative entity, professionals and experts in positions of leave and that the order in society is made from alterative power and discourse. Foucault says that in any given historical period, ways of thinking and talking are organized in systems of discourses. These discourses can be seen as what de preconditionines the dominant ways of thinking and subsequently what the order in the society will be (Silva pp.319-324).In the comparison between the work of Geoffman and Foucault, They twain have different apotheosis as has been shown earlier and both gave a strong explanation on how order is created in society and where it comes from. Both had their own merits but Foucault Seems apart from lacking to take the fanciful process of the individual into account uses a scientific basis to his apotheosis which helps to add to the validity of his claims and this builds a stronger apotheosis than the one put crosswise by Geoffman.Now that a canonical idea on what social order is has been gained its now time to take a look at what social disorder is, who creates it. To gain a better a basic idea of social disorder the works of the two social scientists Stuart abode and Stanley Cohen, have been used and will be compared and contrast.So lets first look at what is social Disorder? Social disorder can be said to be any thing differing from normal. There is no universally recognized definition as to what contributes social disorder, disorderly/anti-social (which people are identified as anti-social or disorderly) or essential definition of certain things being right and others wrong. The definition of disorderly or anti-social is actually constructed in specific societies and therefore differs between places. Indeed, the very term anti-social is of relatively fresh origin (Kelly, Toynbee.pp367-368). And such def initions are potentially an issue of passage of arms and power. This leads to the issue of the value-laden nature of defining disorderly/anti-social behaviors and people via law, social policy and media. A definition of disorderly/anti-social behavior is also a concept invoked by communities, an imagined we who judge some activities and people as disorderly/anti-social in the separated, yet overlapping, social space, Toynbee.pp368). Antisocial behavior has now become a catch-all term to describe anything from noisy neighbors and graffiti to kids hanging out on the street. Indeed, it appears that closely any kind of unpleasant behavior can now be categorized as antisocial or Social Disorder.Stanley Cohen puts forward the Apotheosis on social disorder that societys media over reacts to an aspect of a separate or individuals behavior which may be seen as a argufy to existing social normality. However, the type of media response and the way it deals with the representation of that behavior will actually helps to define it, communicate it and portray it to society as a model for others to observe and adopt in their own way. He puts forward that the way group or individuals behavior represented in the media causes moral panic and that the fears generated are out of all proportion to the crustal plate of the actual behavior which is the subject of the panic by society and will arguable fuel yet further sociably unacceptable behavior. (Kelly, Toynbee.pp378)Stuart dorm and his colleagues employing Cohens definition of moral panic theorized that the rising crime rate equivalence has an ideological function relating to social control. Crime statistics, in planetary houses view, are much manipulated for policy-making and economic purposes. Moral panics (e.g. over mugging) could thereby be burn in order to create public support for the need to police the crisis. this was the creation of a Law and Order society.The media played a rally role in this new law and order Society in order to reap the rewards of lurid crime stories. After a period of stabilized consent the government relationship to the British society was commencement to begin to crack and was coming to an end, in the form of social and political dissent. This dissent ranged from strikes and industrial unrest, intense political and military conflict in Northern Ireland, to the emergence of new social movements trying to promote or provoke social switch over. (Kelly, Toynbee.pp371)The British state those that are those in authority the most rich or powerful in society e.g. government, police, judges, politicians and lords used a crack down on crime and violence, particularly among newfangled men of ethnic origin. This changed the status and the state it became a definer of disorder. The media then winning the cue from those in power made use of terminology, for instance the volume mugging and extended it in society eyes, giving them a commonplace ring. This helped cover t he deep-seated causes of social conflict, chiefly inequality, and the original social issues were now masked and turned into a moral and legal struggle e.g. violence. This was the drive home of a Law and Order society(Kelly, Toynbee.pp380)In conclusion in this search it was shown what social order was and how it works and how disorder is made and used examples of how order works and about disorder was used to build a upright picture. First by Geoffman who saw society as a network of individuals interacting. Then by Foucault who saw society as controlled and dominated by the powerful and authorities. Then we looked Stanley Cohen theories about media manipulating and escalating disorder in contemporary UK society and in part causing grater disorder in society. Then finally, Stuart Hall theory that social disorder was used as a way of manipulating issues and discord in society and that the media was used as a pricking to suit there means.So to conclude society in UK is a democracy where we vote for who has the power then those who are in power use the media to manipulate and escalate to cover deep-seated causes of social conflict and they become the definers of what social disorder is and use it as required to write stability in their society. They become the definer of social disorder and can change it to suit there political and social needs.. Word Count 1536self-importance ReflectionOn reflection I have totally enjoyed this appointee I found it has given me a large challenge translating the education given into an acceptable turn out. Through putting this essay together I have learned a lot. The hardest thing was actually putting my essay together. The research into how to achieve the required results was the best bit

Restrictions of Society in The Awakening Essay -- Kate Chopin

Edna Pontelliers Struggle for Freedom in The Awakening by Kate ChopinIn Kate Chopins novel, The Awakening, the constant boundaries and restrictions placed on Edna Pontellier by beau monde will lead to her struggle for freedom and her ultimate suicide. Her husband Leonce Pontellier, the legitimate women of federation, and the Grand Isle make it evident that Edna is trapped in a patriarchal society. Despite these people, Edna has a need to be free and she is adapted to escape from the society that she despises. The sea, Robert Lebrun, and Mademoiselle Reisz serve as Ednas outlets from conformity. Ednas expedition for personal independence involves finding the words to express herself. She commits suicide quite than sacrificing her independent, individual existence as social blueprints demand of her (Ewell 153).There be constant boundaries and restrictions imposed on Edna Pontellier that initiate Ednas struggle for freedom. Edna is a young Creole wife and mother in a high-toned society. The novel unfolds the life of a woman who feels dissatisfied and restrained by the expectations of society. Leonce Pontellier, her husband is decl bed the best husband in the world (Chopin 6). Edna is laboured to admit that she knew of none better. Edna married Leonce because he courted her earnestly and her father was remote to her marriage to a Catholic. Edna felt that her marriage would anchor her to the conventional standards of society and end her infatuation (Skaggs 30). She is fond of Leonce, but he does not ignite passionate feelings. Edna represents women in the past that were suppressed. These women werent allowed to give their opinions and were often seen as objects, which explains the right smart her husband never really saw Edna as his wife, but more(prenominal) as a material possession. You are burnt beyond recognition, he added, looking at his wife as one looks at a valuable piece of personal property which has suffered great damage (Chopin 2). In this society, men viewed their wives as an object, and she receives only the same respect as a possession. Edna did not respect her husband as the other women did. While he talked to her, Edna was overcome with sleep and answered him with little half utterances. Leonce thought it very reject that his wife, who was the sole object of his existence, evinced so little interest in things which interested him, and valued so litt... ...e interest of ending the monotony she lives with as a result of her being confined into her aristocratic society. Throughout the novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin, Edna seeks independence from society. Her series of awakenings are mostly about achieving this goal. The sea, Robert Lebrun, and Mademoiselle Reisz are her awakenings. In the end, Ednas freedom takes place in death. This is the choice that social convention allows her. Edna cannot have anything she desires in this world, and therefore removed herself from it in a final awakening of her soul. Her thoughts as she walks into the sea comment profoundly on the individuality problems that women face She thought of Leonce and the children. They were a part of her life. But they need not have thought that they could possess her, body and soul (Chopin 152).Works CitedChopin, Kate. The Awakening. naked York Bantam Books, 1992. Dyer, Joyce. Symbolism and Imagery in The Awakening. Unveiling Kate Chopin. Ed. Emily Toth. capital of Mississippi University Press of Mississippi, 1999. 126-130.Ewell, Barbara C. Kate Chopin. New York The Ungar Publishing Company, 1986.Skaggs, Peggy. Kate Chopin. Boston Twane Publishers, 1985.

Lekta & the Dialectic Essays -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Lekta & the DialecticThe scope of Stoic logical system encompasses respective(a) aspects of their philosophy and serves as the primary method through which the rest of their opinions nigh the world argon shaped. Stoic logic is easily divisible into cardinal realms, the realm of the dialectic, and that of rhetoric. Rhetoric, with all its b learnth and superfluity, seems less valuable to Stoic logic than the more simplistic dialectic. For the Stoics, the wise man is always the dialectician, for the dialectic distinguishes the aline from the false with brevity and completeness. One of the most interesting aspects of Stoic logic, the theory of sayables or lekta pertains to this dialectic. There are numerous characteristics and conditions of sayables which ultimately reveal a great deal about the whole of Stoic philosophy and demonstrate interesting questions about the continuity of their theory.Distinct from diction, sound, voices and utterances, lekta possess qualities which dist inguish them from opposite aspects of communication and thought. At its most simple form, absent of various new(prenominal) conditions, a lekton is simply a piece of language that articulates a express of personal matters, carries a truth value, and subsists in accordance with a keen tactile sensation (LS 196). Now, while lekta cannot be simply termed as speech or ideas, they are linked in a special sense with both speech and a concept to form an opinion. three things are linked together, the moment, the signifier, and the name-bearer. The signifier is an utterance, for instance Dion the signification is the actual state of affairs revealed by an utterance, and which we apprehend as it subsists in accordance with our thought the name-bearer is the outdoor(a) object, for instance, Dion ... ...olded various lekta to create their propositions, forming questions which could be universally comprehended and evaluated. Without lekta, the dialectic could not have existed.The Stoic lekta, which I believe to be a real part in the Stoic hierarchy of somethings, provide a instrument through which logicians and philosophers could engage in the dialectic which developed various truths which we read about today. Whether lekta are a body or not, it remains that their vehement independence and resilience as somethings can be used as a means to the end of scientific truth. Engaging in rational debate with propositions filled with subjects and predicates was the cornerstone of Stoic philosophy. Without logic, and the sayables which pieced together their dialectic, the Stoics would have been ineffective to provide perspective on those truths which have persisted through time.

Protein Thermal Stability Essay -- Scientific Research, Soy Proteins

Proteins be amazing chemical polymers. They officiate a myriad of functions such as providing nutrition in the word form of their constitutive amino acids as well as energy. They serve as reactants and enzymes in chemical reactions. Proteins contribute to the texture, viscosity and water holding content of foods that contain them. Proteins can be toxins or allergens or hormones, and they serve as transporters for vital molecules such as oxygen in the blood menstruum (Coultate 1984). These polymers have evolved to play a role in very(prenominal) item physiological functions and this chemical reactivity can be used for very unique applications beyond a proteins evolutionary scope.A proteins chemical and physical nature such as the isoelectric point, solubility and size, and its biological magnet to other molecules all can be exploited to separate a particular protein from the root in which is resides. Typically several steps are used to purify a particular protein . These include heating, acidification, subjecting a solution to reducing conditions, and drying. More sophisticated techniques include chromatography, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (Kinsella and Whitehead 2001).The isolation of proteins from their original matrices allows for their use in diametric food systems to improve such qualities as nutritional value, texture, and constancy. In narrate for a protein to serve in the latter capacities it must have real characteristics such as solubility, gelation, ligand-binding or film formation properties. Today in that respect is extensive use of non-native proteins to improve food quality. Products include ice creams, beverages, cereals, scorched goods, snack items and dairy items ... ...1979. Functional properties of soy proteins. Journal America rock oil Chemists Society 56242-258.Kinsella JE and Whitehead. 1989. Proteins in whey Chemical, physical and functional properties . Advances in food and nutrition research 33343-439.McMahon DJ and Brown RJ. 1984. Composition, structure and integrity of casein micelles A review. Journal of Dairy Science 67499-512. Mendel F, and Brandon DL. 2001. Nutritional and health benefits of soy proteins. Journal of Agriculture and Food interpersonal interpersonal chemistry 49(3)1069-1086. Southward CR. Casein Products. New Zealand Dairy Research Institute.Thompson LD., Dinh T. 2009. FDSC 4303/5305 food chemistry laboratory manual. Lubbock, TX Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences.Walstra P. 1990. On the stability of casein micelles. Journal of Dairy Science 731965-1979.

Abortion And Murder :: essays research papers fc

stillbirth And Murder On January 22, 1973, the U.S. supreme Court, in two separate decisions, hard roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton, tell that Congress and the states had to adopt a insurance policy on miscarriage. Since then, abortion has been genius of the most controversial issues in our uncouth today. E genuinely time the motif of abortion is raised, the same question ever comes up should tribe hold the right to give notice an unborn barbarian? The answer is no. No someone should overhear the right to terminate an unborn child which has non yet had the notice to live, no proposition what the reason is. abortion is the line of an alive, unborn child, which piece of ass mother anguish through the process of an abortion. there is no need to have an abortion when these children could be put up for adoption instead of being aborted. abortion is the termination of alive, unborn children. How passel a someone decide dependable when an unborn foetus becomes a per son with constitutional rights. Many people disagree when a foetus becomes an actual person, barely the truth is that a fetus becomes a person at the time of conception. An word empower Pro-lofe and pro-choice? Yes says that, From the moment of conception, the fetus is endowed with all the genetic instruction that will enable its discipline into a full human person (Church 108). Technology has advanced very much in the past xx years and now with the financial aid of medical technology and the science of fetology, doctors can prove that a fetus is an actual person as beforehand(predicate) as thirteen weeks of result (Meyer 62-64). These facts only help to prove that a fetus is an actual person, who deserves the chance to be born. Contrary to belief, a fetus can actually observe put out. The observation of abortions on ultrasound have been very disturbing. So disturbing, that many abortion doctors who have seen the procedure, refuse to move in abortions again (Meyer 62-6 4). An article entitled Fetal positions Making Abortion rare reports that, Bernard Nathanson, a former director of the National Abortion Rights exercise League, who performed thousands of abortions, repudiated the practice in the primeval 1980s after observing the apparent torturing of a fetus subjected to a suction-tip abortion (Meyer 62-64). Modern neurology supports the state that the fetus can experience pain, not just reflex. Reflexive reactions crap only the spinal column, but the more complex reactions that stimulate pain occur in the critical portion of the brain called the thalamus.Abortion And Murder essays research papers fc Abortion And Murder On January 22, 1973, the U.S. Supreme Court, in two separate decisions, Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton, declared that Congress and the states had to adopt a policy on abortion. Since then, abortion has been one of the most controversial issues in our country today. Every time the subject of abortion is raised, the same qu estion always comes up should people have the right to terminate an unborn child? The answer is no. No person should have the right to terminate an unborn child which has not yet had the chance to live, no matter what the reason is. Abortion is the termination of an alive, unborn child, which can experience pain through the process of an abortion. There is no need to have an abortion when these children could be put up for adoption instead of being aborted. Abortion is the termination of alive, unborn children. How can a person decide just when an unborn fetus becomes a person with constitutional rights. Many people disagree when a fetus becomes an actual person, but the truth is that a fetus becomes a person at the time of conception. An article entitled Pro-lofe and pro-choice? Yes says that, From the moment of conception, the fetus is endowed with all the genetic information that will enable its development into a full human person (Church 108). Technology has advanced very much in the past twenty years and now with the aid of medical technology and the science of fetology, doctors can prove that a fetus is an actual person as early as thirteen weeks of growth (Meyer 62-64). These facts only help to prove that a fetus is an actual person, who deserves the chance to be born. Contrary to belief, a fetus can actually feel pain. The observation of abortions on ultrasound have been very disturbing. So disturbing, that many abortion doctors who have seen the procedure, refuse to participate in abortions again (Meyer 62-64). An article entitled Fetal positions Making Abortion rare reports that, Bernard Nathanson, a former director of the National Abortion Rights Action League, who performed thousands of abortions, repudiated the practice in the early 1980s after observing the apparent agony of a fetus subjected to a suction-tip abortion (Meyer 62-64). Modern neurology supports the claim that the fetus can experience pain, not just reflex. Reflexive reactions stimu late only the spinal column, but the more complex reactions that stimulate pain occur in the tiny portion of the brain called the thalamus.

The Worldly Impact of Television Essay example -- Television Media TV

The Worldly force of TelevisionThe tv rotary had a very monumental role the gentlemans history. The tv crash was prime(prenominal) introduced in the early 1950s. This new phenomenon of goggle box took awhile for many people to catch on to, nevertheless at a time this device was received there was no looking back. The picture set the stage for many things such as world news, local news, entertainment, and sports. The telecasting allowed what used to be listeners to be able to view what was going on with their television set. The television got its big get in the early 1950s with the end of WWII. This time was known as the golden age which followed the long depression. The returning soldiers brought a new sense of hope to the Ameri fire familiar which in turn led to the buying of many new houses and television sets. In 1945, there were 8,000 television sets produced (Watrall notes). It was also in this year that the first television set extravaganza was broadcasted at Ya nkee Stadium ( recital of Television). It was in Yankee stadium where the Joe LouisBill Conn monster competition took place which led to be a success that had an fair(a) of 150,000 viewers watching from about 5,000 television sets (Watrall notes). As the 1950s went on it started to become a norm for people to have a television set in their home. In 1953 color broadcasting arrived in the U.S., but it was not until the 1960s that the public started purchasing color television sets ( tarradiddle of Television). As time would deal to pass and technology would continue to get better so did television. Today, television is something many people own for granted. In todays society 99% of all households in this country have at least one television set (Potter 61). There... ... Television from day one to what it is now has probably had one of the biggest boilers suit affects on the world public. All of the main final results that have happened since the early 1940s have been broadcaste d on television giving the audience a chance to see it. This also goes for the world of sports. Every major sporting event that has taken place can be found on television such as the Olympics, Super bowl, World Cup, Stanley Cup, Kentucky Derby, and the World Series can all be found on television. The television is completely various from how it started off as being but what is has become today has surpassed everybodys original expectations. Works Cited Potter, James W. Media Literacy. Thousand Oaks Sage Publications Inc, 2001. History of Television. sophisticated Productions. 1996 www.high-techproductions.com/historyoftelevision.html Watrall. Lecture notes

Texas Involvment In Slavery Essay examples -- Slavery Essays

One of the most uniquesituations during the period of the Civil struggle in America wasthe involvement of the state of Texas in the Confederacy.Although it was once its aver Republic separate from theUnited States of America through annexation, Texas was not all told unique when it came to the innovation of hard workerry. Justlike in all former(a) southern states, slavery, and the use of slavelabor, was a major factor of the states artless economy.During the socio-economic classs around and through the Civil War, Texasbecame a home for many transient southerners in search ofsanctuary from the almost enviable furthering ofemancipation. yearn before the war, Texas had been thestomping ground for runaway slaves enroute to Mexico andin search of freedom. The state of Texas was not entirely wizard ofthe new figureheadier territories toward the wolfram but it becameone of the final places in America were slavery waspracticed. Because of its geography much of Texasremained uninf luenced and unsettled. Many adventurousplantation owners felt it necessary to keep discussion of the warand emancipation from their slaves as much as a year subsequentlythe eat up of the war.(Campbell 249) The topic I have chosenfor my look for to discuss the history of slavery in Texasduring the years of the Civil War. How the validation wasaltered because of the Civil War and the process by whichemancipation was hand to black -Texans is the focus ofmy report. I would like to uncover how and why slave laborwas used to both protect the state, the Confederacy and theinstitution that held the in store(predicate) of the American Negro forever.Well before the beginning of the Civil War, Texas and nearlyof its surrounding territories were property of Spain just likeits southern neighbor, Mexico. Soon after realizing theirparticular suppression by Spain, Mexico fought for, and wonits independence from its mother country. Mexico in a flash hadcontrol of their country and the terri tory of Texas. As moreAmericans moved west and into Texas it became evidentthat there was going to be a continued conflict betweenMexico and the white frontiersmen who quickly floodedcertain areas. The American administration wanted to purchasethis valuable land but eventually it was taken by Americanfrontiersmen where it was declared its own realm. Fearful ofthe loss of major power if allowed into the Union, Texas expressedin 1836 ... ...tely unchanged by wartime activates. Althoughthousands of slaves were impressed for wartime use only afew lost their lives while fortifying and working along thefront lines of southern Texas. As for the vast majority ofslaves who were not impressed they went along with theirnormal production during the Civil War as if freedom wasthe populate thing they expected in the next few years. Someslaves in Texas did not even know about the war until it hadbeen over for months, almost revolted long before. As thearmies of Texas argued over whether it should send itstroops to other states to fight, the institution of slavery wentfull steam ahead. After the end of the war many blacksbegan to realize the hatred that faced them and how manywhites in Texas would do anything in order to ensure thatthey(whites) would always be the ruling class. Opportunitydid not come easy to blacks, but prejudice did. Almost untilthe very end of the Civil War, Texans seemed to be denyingthe fact that an end coming to their precious " safe" to ownand oppress their "inferior" and "heathen" God-givenservants. Courtesy of chew (1995) University of medico

Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter - Effects of Sin Upon Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale :: Scarlet Letter essays

The effect of Sin Upon Dimmesdale in The florid Letter   haw shows wrong-doings of several different kinds in numerous sight, as well as the consequences and remedies of their pits. Three main characters Hester Prynne, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth bare the well-nigh of these offends. Arthur Dimmesdale, however, bares the nigh bestial effects of such sin. This is due to several rationalnesss.   The most observable reason for his eventual breakdown is the event that he keeps his sin a cloak-and-dagger. Arthur Dimmesdales sin was the same as Hesters, except he neer confessed. As Gods servant, it is his nature to tell the truth, so the years of pretending and deception were especially wicked on him. (Bloom 28) Dimmesdale also believes that his sin has taken the consequence fall out of his life. His lifes survive has been dedicated to God, and now his sin has tainted it. He feels that he is a fraud and is non fit to lead the people of the town to salvation.   His secret guilt a much heavier burden than Hesters since he must tick off it all within himself. This also reveals Dimmesdale weakness. Arthur wanted desperately to admit his sin to the world, which is shown passim the book. The earliest incident was when he was asked to misgiving Hester on the hold up as to who the father of her child was I dash thee to speak out the piss of the thy fellow-sinner and fellow sufferer Be not silent for whatever mistaken pity and tenderness for him for, believe me, Hester, though he were to tread down from a high place, and stand in that location beside thee, on thy substructure of shame, yet better were it so, than to hide a discredited heart throughout life. (Hawthorne 67)   In this speech Dimmesdale is pleading for her to tell the name of the father, and fellow sinner, not just for the other leaders sake, but for his own. He is to weak minded(p) to do it himself, and he believes it would be better t o stomach his place of ply in the church than to hide his guilty heart. Since he was not revealed, this is precisely what he does, hides his guilty heart.   In view of the fact that there was no external punishment for Arthur, he creates it within himself.Nathaniel Hawthornes Scarlet Letter - Effects of Sin Upon Rev. Arthur Dimmesdale Scarlet Letter essays The Effects of Sin Upon Dimmesdale in The Scarlet Letter   Hawthorn shows sins of several different kinds in numerous people, as well as the consequences and remedies of their sins. Three main characters Hester Prynne, Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth bare the most of these sins. Arthur Dimmesdale, however, bares the most brutal effects of such sin. This is due to several reasons.   The most observable reason for his eventual breakdown is the fact that he keeps his sin a secret. Arthur Dimmesdales sin was the same as Hesters, except he never confessed. As Gods servant, it is his nature to tel l the truth, so the years of pretending and hypocrisy were especially hard on him. (Bloom 28) Dimmesdale also believes that his sin has taken the meaning out of his life. His lifes work has been dedicated to God, and now his sin has tainted it. He feels that he is a fraud and is not fit to lead the people of the town to salvation.   His secret guilt a much heavier burden than Hesters since he must hold it all within himself. This also reveals Dimmesdale weakness. Arthur wanted desperately to admit his sin to the world, which is shown throughout the book. The earliest incident was when he was asked to question Hester on the scaffold as to who the father of her child was I charge thee to speak out the name of the thy fellow-sinner and fellow sufferer Be not silent for any mistaken pity and tenderness for him for, believe me, Hester, though he were to step down from a high place, and stand there beside thee, on thy pedestal of shame, yet better were it so, than to hide a guilty h eart throughout life. (Hawthorne 67)   In this speech Dimmesdale is pleading for her to tell the name of the father, and fellow sinner, not just for the other leaders sake, but for his own. He is to weak minded to do it himself, and he believes it would be better to lose his place of power in the church than to hide his guilty heart. Since he was not revealed, this is exactly what he does, hides his guilty heart.   In view of the fact that there was no external punishment for Arthur, he creates it within himself.

Portrayal of Jane Osborne in Vanity Fair Essay -- Victorian Era Willia

The wasted WomanThackerays portrayal of Jane Osborne in Vanity Fair is very troubling to the lector of the twentieth century. Grown to be a fair sex who is stuck under her compulsive fathers roof, her life appears to be very confining and menial. Her child snubs her, her nephew mocks her behind her back, her father mocks her to her face, and her main role in life seems to be as her fathers housekeeper. However, Thackerays portrayal would gravel had a very different effect on the Victorian reader. While exclusively of these things which affronted us would have been equally awful to them, Thackeray uses another key say which has lost its effect on our modern minds that unfortunate and now old young lady (448). Jane Osbornes future has progressed from being uncertain, waiting reasonably impatiently for a suitors attentions, to a dreadful demonstration she is quickly becoming what the Victorians referred to as a redundant woman.DestinyA Victorian woman was bred up with the hon ored ideals of someday being wives, daughters, and guardians of the spot (Parkinson). A model young woman was designed as a bargaining tool her person, characteristics, skills, and, for those who were fortunate, dowry were key chips to be laid in a game of houses which defined the noblest aspirations of Victorian society. The very spheres of warp compose about by so many authors of the time, both male and female, placed that what the woman is to be within her fates, as the centre of order, the balm of distress, and the mirror of beauty that she is also to be without her fates, where order is more(prenominal) difficult, distress more imminent, loveliness more rare (Ruskin). However, being bred for marriage produces a snatch of problems hundre... ...n has become very antiquated, and purposeless in a world where women have more and more opportunities for equal advancement, affirmative action, etc. It is interesting, however, to note that the ideas of spheres of influence still p ersist, though somewhat altered.Works CitedGreg, W. R. Why Are Women Redundant? (excerpt). Phoebe Junior. Elizabeth Langland. Broadview literary Text. Toronto Broadview Press Ltd., 2002. Pages 449-450.Ruskin, John. Of Queens Gardens (excerpt). Phoebe Junior. Elizabeth Langland. Broadview Literary Text. Toronto Broadview Press Ltd., 2002. Pages 446-449.Parkinson, Allison. Sphere Switching Polly, Work/Life Choices and the redundant woman in 19th Century London. November 9, 2004. Thackeray, William M. Vanity Fair. New York Random House, Inc., 2001.

The Childlike and Biblical Connotations in The Lion, the Witch and the

The Childlike and Biblical Connotations in The Lion, the Witch and the jam Throughout his writing c atomic number 18er, CS Lewis has been known for writing many books with a hint of biblical connotations in them. As Kathryn Lindskoog states, CS Lewis is known for fence the spirit of modern thought with the unpopular Christian doctrines of sin and malign (2083). Lewis himself has said, You never know how much you really believe anything until its truth or falsehood becomes a matter of life or death to you (Freaks 60). Although his belief in God has not yet presented itself in that manner, he continues to sanctify his time to the artful presentation of what he believes to be true astir(predicate) God and man, as observed by Dr. Bruce Lockerbie (177). The second book in the Narnia Series, The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is no exception. In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, CS Lewis uses the fomite of a childrens fantasy novel to present latent Christian ho liness and beliefs. Children who read the Narnia Series do so for the action and excitement. Authorities tell apart that they are likely to accept the actions and ideas without doubts of how real the story may be (Whos Who 29). Lewis uses childlike images to create deeper meanings than what might otherwise be accessible. One of the close to noticeable is the fact that throughout the Narnia Series, the use of children as the main(prenominal) characters establishes a physical connection with young reader. When the main characters grow older, they are told they are not to come back. In Prince Caspian, after the children have helped to defeat Miraz, Aslan warns shaft of light that he and Susan are too old to enter Narnia again (236). Lewis keeps the main characters young, keeping t... ...m. Ed. James P. Draper. Vol. 4. Detriot Gale. 1992. 2092-2094. 6 vols. The Chronicles of Narnia The Pattering of a Fantastic World. Folio resound Views. CD-ROM. Folio Corp. 1994. NIV C ollegiate Devotional Bible. Gran Rapids Zondervan Publishing House., 1998. Fisher, Margery. Whos Who In Childrens Books. newborn York Holt, 1998. Lewis, Clive Staples. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. New York HarperTrophy, 1950. ---. Prince Caspian. New York HarperTrophy, 1951. Lindskoog, Kathryn, Ann. Lewis, C. S.. World Literature Criticism. Ed. James P. Draper. Vol. 4. Detriot Gale. 1992. 2082-2084. 6 vols. Lockerbie, Dr. Bruce. LEWIS, C(live) S(taples). Contemperary Literary Criticism. Ed. Carolyn Riley. Vol. 1. Detroit Gale. 1973. 177. 21 vols. DCTalk., and Voice of the Martyrs. Jesus Freaks. Tulsa Albury Publishing, 1999.

Herzog And De Meuron, The Phil :: essays research papers

Herzog and de Meuron work unitedly as architect partners. Their tropes for most of their builds have a common or similar nature. This nature carries expose the simplicity of the shape of a box, which consists of a flat roof and large windows. This design gives the characteristics of Herzog and de Meurons buildings. In new(prenominal) words, we bottomland say that this is their buildings identity. Indeed, this design is very similar to Frank Lloyd Wrights design, which also shows todays modern style of architecture. Their designs both look at the philosophy of organic architecture. This means the building is designed to convulsion its natural surroundings. Even the form of the building is designed to develop from its environment. So to speak, we can say that the building seems to grow out of its natural surroundings. In short, Herzog and de Meuron, as well as Frank Lloyd Wright, both design building in their natural form, assimilating its form to the environment.As we notice the design in Herzog and de Meurons Plywood House shows the organic form of architecture, we can say that they believed that the architectural form must ultimately be refractory in each case by the particular function of the building. Thus, the buildings environment and the type of stuffs employed in the structure carries out the reason why such material is chosen for the building. Clearly, plyboard is the primary(prenominal) architectural material for the Plywood House. Indeed, this is a very suitable material for the surrounding environment. The reason is because this material provides the organic feel of the countryside. In fact, this chosen material has very much influenced the shapes of the building. There are no curves, nor quest window in the design of the building, and therefore, as we can see from the visualise of the building there are only straight lines of the walls of the building. (See plan of drawing) metaphorically speaking, the building is like boxes that co nnect to each other. Consequently, we can say that plywood is not a very flexible material that it would be uncorrectable to provide curves for the building.Plywood consists of several layers, or plies, of wood thoroughly bonded to champion another by glue or synthetic resins. The layers are laid with the grain in different directions, generally perpendicular to one another, and therefore, the vector sum sheet of plywood is equally strong in all directions.

Victorian Social Reform in Britain :: European Europe History

Victorian favorable Reform in BritainWhen considering the changes brought about in the social policy of heavy(p) Britain, in the decades immediately either side of 1900, one must anticipate at the nation s industrial history. The position as the humanity s premier industrial nation had been cemented by the mid ordinal century, achieved in part, as it was the startle nation to industrialise. However, the headlong embrace of laissez- faire capitalism ignored the social infrastructure, and the emigration from the depressed agricultural areas to the industrial areas caused big strain on the poorly-planned towns and cities. At the dawn of industrialisation, there were those who expressed use up about the health and hygiene of the dense industrial areas, notably Freidrich Engels, whose airfield of Manchester and London in 1844 collated in Conditions of The Working Class in England assorted a truly dismal picture of urban squalor and hopelessness. such(prenominal)(prenominal) i s the Old Town of Manchester, and on re-reading my description, I am forced to receipt that instead of being exaggerated, it is far from black enough to convey a true impression of the filth, ruin, and uninhabitableness, the defiance of all considerations of cleanliness, ventilation, and health which characterise the social structure of this single district, containing at least twenty to thirty thousand inhabitants. And such a district exists in the heart of the second city of England, the first manufacturing city of the world. If any one wishes to see in how little topographic point a human being can move, how little air - and such air - he can breathe, how little of civilisation he whitethorn share and yet live, it is only necessary to travel hither. (Engels.F. 1844 p.84 ) The publication, in 1842, of the make-up on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain elicited, and mayhap foresaw, the protests of disbelief. Edwin Chadwick was responsible for the report and also invoked the image of the unknown country as Henry Mayhew later did to bring to public attention the abysmal conditions with which the laboring poor had to contend. His principal concern appeared to be with the miasma emanating from decaying matter the toxic exhalations which were the source of their physical, moral and mental deterioration. At the height of the cholera epidemic, the flushing of the sewers in order to dissipate the miasma, actually aggravated the problem by pull ahead contamination of the water supply, in the face of the advice which stated that the disease was expand by germs and infection.

The Post-Soviet Reemergence of the Russian Empire Essay -- essays rese

The 1991 collapse of the Soviet trade union intend an end to Russias control everyplace its Middle Eastern Empire. some of its states seceded and founded new nations and Russia lost significant ply oer the region. The new Russian Federation, in an effort to reestablish Soviet supremacy, has launched a neo-imperialistic campaign to at once once again have policy-making, frugal and security control over the part today known as the Caucasus. Principally, Russia wants to have political control over the area consisting of the lands of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Georgia and Chechnya as well as the Caspian Sea. Furthermore, it is an objective to depict profit from this resource-rich area to stabilize Russias saving. Additionally, Russia wants to ensure the security of its power in the Middle East. In order to achieve these motives the Russian organization has exercisingd various strategies involving political legerdemain, economic exaction and military operations. Af ter years of weakness following the breakdown of the Soviet Socialist government, Russia has once again sought to expand its empire over all of its successor states. The Russian government has used various tactics to assert power over the Caspian region as well as to achieve its political motives. Russias position in the economic sphere has been a valuable strategy to obtain political ends. Moscows main lever of power, hence as now, was its pipeline system, a remnant of the centralized Soviet economy in which all oil and natural gas from the Caspian first traversed Russia forwards passing on to the West. (LeVinne, 1999) Russias control over this pipeline has meant that it has tell control over the Caspian nations resources and can use this to their advantage. mavin such example was... ...influence within the space of the former Soviet Union a determining aspect in the future of Russian statehood. The entities surround the Caspian Sea are also the focus of many vital economic prospects which would contribute to Russias hegemony over the Southern Tier region. In a textbook example of neo-imperialism Russia has covered all its bases included the impending affright of enemies resulting from Moscows political and economic exploitation. Russia has proved that it will use any means possible such as military subjugation and political and economic hegemony to its advantage to extend its control over the territory, political systems and economic profits of the nations forming the Caucasus. The Russian government has certainly demonstrated its resurgent imperial ability and resolute determination to ultimately see the reemergence of a powerful Russian empire.

An Organic Dissection of a Tutoring Session :: Personal Narrative Writing

An Organic Dissection of a Tutoring SessionWhen Delvin (thats what I will look for him) walked into the Writing Resource Center I was a little maladjusted because I knew him from another class and a few social flushts, overly talking with him on occasion around the campus. I had had a freehanded experience earlier in the year when tutoring a friend of exploit whod asked me to booster him with punctuation. I ended up just giving him a punctuation sheet and tried to work on some deeper train problems with word choices and development. He didnt see the problems or seem to want help in those areas, so he was offended at my attitude towards the core of his story. (He thought that it was a near final limn except for a little editing.) Right away, though, Delvin said that his paper was in an early draft stage and he need some help making it vindicated because he was dealing with a difficult topic for ism 205, esthetics.Now, Aesthetics is a complex topic dealing with ideas, obje cts, feelings, and theories as to what is beautiful and what is ugly. And Philosophy has a mode of thinking that is complex. At the time of my session with Delvin I didnt make the connection between the both, but prior writing to this paper the magnets reached their poles the connection between philosophical thinking and writing development and as well their ability, when done properly, to deal with complex issues. The main connection between the two is their ability to start with a topic and break it down into unproblematic ideas and then reconstruct it into a theory or paper that displays, argues, questions, or proves the topic to a reader or listener. The philosophers main mode of dissecting a topic is by questioning every factor that is relevant (and even some that are irrelevant.) This is basically the same thing a writer should do when he or she begins to organize his or her paper. They need to discern out, who did what, when, where, and why? Many writers and philosophers can organize these questions and answers in their head so that it makes sense to them, but the problem lies when they have to communicate multitudes of simple ideas to soulfulness other than themselves. The overall idea wont make much sense to a reader if the writer spits it out like a madman speak about the apocalypse.

Colonization Across the Globe Essay -- Colonies World History Economy

Colonization Across the GlobeAfter Christopher Columbus come in the West Indies in 1492, Spain and Portugal started disputing areas of influence on the southern American continent. The dispute was eventually cometled by the Pope (Alexander VI), who in 1493, force up defined areas of influence for the two nations with the idea of spreading Christianity to the natives in those territories. In time the Portuguese territory became known as Brazil, so the working language of that country to this day is Portuguese, while most of the recumb of the continent speaks Spanish. On 1 August 1498, during his third voyage, Columbus in conclusion sighted the South American mainland for the first time. The next white venturer to reach the continent was the Portuguese navigator Pedro Cabral, who anchored off the coast of accede day Brazil in April 1500 - a territory which he accordingly claimed for Portugal. However, the claim was ignored for more than 30 years by Portugal itself, whose sailo rs had in the interim sailed round Africa to India. During this time of Portuguese indifference, the Spanish seized the initiative in Central America and the West Indies. In 1519, the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, thus employed by the Spaniards, first sailed up the Rio de la Plata River. He wherefore proceeded south and in November 1520, first sailed round the southernmost part of South America and sighted the Pacific Ocean. 1. SpainIn 1519, Cortes with about 600 men set sail for South America with a few cannon and horses. A last minute dispute with the Spanish governor saw Cortes journey being officially cancelled, but Cortes continued, later bringing back cash and other riches to the Spanish crown as justification for his expedition. The phalanx sailed west along the Gulf Coast, engaging in a study battle against a local tribe.It was at this first battle that Cortes know the technological advantage the Europeans possessed steel armour, guns, cannons and even h orses were completely mysterious to the people of Central America, and many tribesmen fled at the very sight of a powerful charge horse. These advantages were pressed home remorselessly, and all the native tribes in Central and South America were to pay d archean for being technologically so far behind the Europeans.At the time of the Spanish subjugation of Central America, the Aztecs had created an empire which... ...ess Cixi. The terrorist activities of the meat packer society gradually increased during 1899, with Boxer bands attacking all whites on sight. When these bands entered the Chinese capital, capital of Red China, the whites powers sent a weensy armed column to the Chinese capital to protect the few whites in the city. On 16 June 1900, the Empress Cixi ordered Chinese troops to attack the whites armament which was still outside Peking. Then on 18 June 1900, the Empress Cixi publicly called on the Chinese to kill all the whites they could find. Many whites were past murdered vast numbers fled into the fortified foreign embassies in the city. There they were besieged by Chinese. Finally, a combined army consisting of British, French, Russian, German, American and Japanese troops entered Peking on 14 August 1900, relieving the besieged foreign embassies. Peking was then occupied by the whites powers for a year until September 1901, when the Chinese write a peace treaty in terms of which they had to pay a large indemnity and grant the whites powers the right to station troops in Peking to safeguard the embassies. This situation remained unaltered right up until the early part of the 20th century.